# S.V.G.A.

> Saskatchewan Vegetables Growers Association S.V.G.A.  helping commercial vegetable growers

## Pages
- [Home](https://www.svga.ca/)
- [Become a Member](https://www.svga.ca/become-a-member): About the Saskatchewan Vegetable Growers Association
- [Blog](https://www.svga.ca/blog): Blog and updates
- [Board of Directors](https://www.svga.ca/board-of-directors): Saskatchewan Vegetables Growers Association S.V.G.A. helping commercial vegetable growers Board of Directors
- [Conference](https://www.svga.ca/conference): The food Conference Jan. 24, 2025 at the Saskatoon Inn
- [Contact](https://www.svga.ca/contact)
- [Members](https://www.svga.ca/members): Members of the Saskatchewan Vegetable Growers Association (S.V.G.A.)
- [Sask Farmers Markets](https://www.svga.ca/sfm): Saskatchewan SK Canada Farmer Market List

## Blog Posts
- [Welcome to the new website](https://www.svga.ca/blog/welcome-to-the-new-website)
- [Facebook](https://www.svga.ca/blog/facebook)
- [86 articles uploaded](https://www.svga.ca/blog/86-articles-uploaded)
- [Field Day - June 29, 2022](https://www.svga.ca/blog/field-day-june-29-2022)
- [2023 Field Day coming soon](https://www.svga.ca/blog/2023-field-day-coming-soon)
- [Free articles and research from Dr. Doug Waterer Saskatchewan](https://www.svga.ca/blog/free-articles-and-research-from-dr-doug-waterer-saskatchewan)
- [Save the Date Jan. 26, 2024](https://www.svga.ca/blog/save-the-date-jan-26-2024)
- [AGM and Conference Registrations Jan. 24, 2025](https://www.svga.ca/blog/agm-and-conference-registrations-jan-24-2025)
- [The Food Conference Jan. 24, 2025](https://www.svga.ca/blog/the-food-conference-jan-24-2025)
- [Save the Date - Jan. 23 2026](https://www.svga.ca/blog/save-the-date-jan-23-2026)
- [Our Fruit and Vegetable Field Day tour on July 8, 2026](https://www.svga.ca/blog/our-fruit-and-vegetable-field-day-tour-on-july-8-2026)

## Products
- [Abscisic acid (ABA) Analogs Improve Drought Stress Tolerance of Transplants Pumpkins and Tomatoes (1998) - 2 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/abscisic-acid-aba-analogs-improve-drought-stress-tolerance-of-transplants-pumpkins-and-tomatoes-1998-2-pages): Drought and transplanting shock are common causes of loss during the establishment of horticultural crops such as vegetables, ornamentals and flowering annuals. Application of abscisic acid (ABA) to young seedlings or transplants can increase their tolerance to drought stress and cold. Unfortunately, the beneficial effects of ABA applied in this way are short-lived as the chemical is rapidly metabolized. PBI/NRC has generated ABA analogs which are more physiologically active and longer-lasting than standard ABA. This research program tested several ABA analogs for use in preventing drought stress in vegetable transplants.
- [AC Peregrine Red Potato (ND2937-3) (2006) - 5 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/ac-peregrine-red-potato-nd2937-3-2006-5-pages): Pedigree and Description AC Peregrine Red (ND2937-3) is a Lethbridge selection of a cross made by NDSU in 1986 between ND373-2R and ND2223-8R. The Prairie Potato Breeding Program evaluated the field performance of AC Peregrine Red from 1988 through 1995 in trials conducted across the Prairie provinces. Tubers Tubers of AC Peregrine Red are uniform oval-round, with bright red skin. The flesh is white/cream. The eyes are shallow and uniformly distributed with small eyebrows. The lenticels are light color and somewhat obvious against the dark red skin. Specific gravities for AC Peregrine Red averaged over 24 site years of testing were 1.083, while Norland averaged 1.071. The higher specific gravity of AC Peregrine Red suggests superior storage potential. The average tuber size for AC Peregrine Red is about 10% smaller than Norland. Plants The plants are semi-erect, medium height with medium maturity. AC Peregrine Red flowers heavily but produces few fruit. Maturity AC Peregrine Red is a maincrop variety. It matures 10 days to two weeks later than Norland, but earlier than Pontiac. Natural top die-off is uncommon. Skin-set is excellent by two weeks after top kill.
- [Agronomics of New Potato Cultivars (1999) - 3 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/agronomics-of-new-potato-cultivars-1999-3-pages): New Cultivars tested; ND2937-3 is a newly released very dark red-skinned variety under exclusive Canadian licence to the Saskatchewan Seed Potato Growers’ Association. Umatilla a new release from the Idaho breeding program, this Russet skinned potato is believed to have superior processing and disease resistance characteristics. Gem Russet A new release from the Oregon breeding program, this Russet skinned potato is believed to have better yields and processing characteristics than Russet Burbank. The 1999 growing season was cooler and wetter than normal from May through July. Little supplemental irrigation was required until mid-August. Frost killed the vines in early September, just prior to the 120 days harvest. Yields under irrigation only marginally exceed those for the dryland trials. For many of the cultivars, there was little increase in yields from the 90 through to the 120-day harvest. In the dryland trials, this could be attributed to late-season moisture stress. The lack of yield increase with time in the irrigated trial was unexpected.
- [Agronomics of New Potato Cultivars (2000) - 3 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/agronomics-of-new-potato-cultivars-2000-3-pages): Cultivars tested; AC Peregrine Red is a newly released very dark red-skinned variety under exclusive Canadian licence to the Saskatchewan Seed Potato Growers’ Association. Cherry Red this Colorado variety is exceptionally red and holds its colour well, but is late maturing. Umatilla a new release from the Idaho breeding program, this russet skinned potato is believed to have superior processing and disease resistance characteristics to Russet Burbank. Gem Russet a new release from the Oregon breeding program, this russet skinned potato is believed to have better yields and processing characteristics than Russet Burbank. Legend Russet a new release from the Oregon breeding program, this russet skinned potato is believed to have better processing characteristics and table appeal than Russet Burbank. The 2000 growing season was fairly typical in terms of temperature, the number of frost-free days and rainfall. Late season drought reduced the yields of the slow maturing types in the dryland trials.
- [Agronomics of New Potato Cultivars (2001) - 3 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/agronomics-of-new-potato-cultivars-2001-3-pages): New Cultivars tested; AC Peregrine Red is a newly released very dark red-skinned variety under exclusive Canadian licence to the Saskatchewan Seed Potato Growers’ Association. Cherry Red this Colorado variety is exceptionally red and holds its colour well, but is late maturing. Umatilla a new release from the Idaho breeding program, this russet skinned potato is believed to have superior processing and disease resistance characteristics to Russet Burbank. Gem Russet a new release from the Oregon breeding program, this russet skinned potato is believed to have better yields and processing characteristics than Russet Burbank. The 2001 growing season was excellent, providing supplemental irrigation was available. Less than 3" of rainfall was received over the growing season and the dryland plots were severely moisture stressed.
- [Agronomics of New Red-Skinned Potato Cultivars (1998) - 3 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/agronomics-of-new-red-skinned-potato-cultivars-1998-3-pages): Cultivars tested; Norland - is the standard red-skinned variety for the Canadian Prairies. It is early maturing with excellent yields of fairly uniform tubers, but its skin tends to fade during storage. NorDonna - is a newly released (North Dakota Program) very dark red-skinned variety. NorDonna may be slow maturing and lack the yield potential of Norland. Cherry Red - this Colorado variety is exceptionally red and holds its color well. Again, this variety may be too slow-maturing for local growing conditions. This trial evaluated the impact of seed piece spacing on the yields and tuber size distribution of Norland, NorDonna and Cherry Red under irrigated and dryland conditions. The spacings tested were 15, 25 and 35 cm (6, 10 and 14"). The 25 cm spacing would represent the norm for Norland under irrigation while a wider spacing would be more typical in dryland production.
- [Agronomics of New Red-Skinned Potato Cultivars (1999) - 4 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/agronomics-of-new-red-skinned-potato-cultivars-1999-4-pages): Cultivars tested; Norland - is the standard red-skinned variety for the Canadian Prairies. It is early maturing with excellent yields of fairly uniform tubers, but its skin tends to fade during storage. Cherry Red - this Colorado variety is exceptionally red and holds its color well. This variety maybe too slow-maturing for local growing conditions. VO498-4 - is a new release from the potato breeding program at Agriculture Canada Lethbridge. This variety has produced excellent yields of very uniform tubers under irrigated conditions but had performed poorly under drought stress. This trial evaluated the impact of seed piece spacing on the yields and tuber size distribution of these red-skinned varieties under irrigated and dryland conditions. The spacings tested were 15, 25 and 35 cm (6, 10 and 14"). The 25 cm spacing would represent the norm for Norland under irrigation while a wider spacing would be more typical in dryland production.
- [Agronomy of New Potato Lines (2004) - 5 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/agronomy-of-new-potato-lines-2004-5-pages): The irrigated trials were planted on May 14 and May 28 and harvested on August 16 or Sept 16. This resulted in plots harvested at 80, 90, 105 and 120 days after planting. Separate plots were grown for each planting and harvest date in the irrigated trial. In the dryland trial, only a single combination of planting and harvest dates was used - the crop was harvested 120 days after planting. In both the dryland and irrigated trials, each treatment plot consisted of a single, 8-m long section of row. Each treatment was replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. The rows were spaced 1 m apart with 25 cm between plants within a row. The irrigated plots were watered whenever soil moisture potentials in the hills dropped below -60 kPa. Weed control was achieved through the application of herbicides and cultivation.
- [Agronomy of New Potato Lines (2005) - 8 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/agronomy-of-new-potato-lines-2005-8-pages): The 2005 growing season was cool and wet during May and June. Precipitation and temperatures were near normal in July and August. Crop establishment was slow but conditions were excellent during tuber set and bulking. 37 cm of rainfall was received over the growing season (normal = 20 cm). A total of 13 cm of supplemental irrigation was applied to the plots (Fig. 1). Yields were relatively high in both the dryland and irrigated trials. Weed control was achieved by applying metribuzin prior to planting, followed by linuron applied at ground crack. The crop was hilled twice prior to ground crack. The crop was overhead irrigated whenever soil water potentials averaged over the effective root zone (0-30 cm) fell below -50 kPa. N-Fertility Trials Time of Planting and Harvest Trials Spacing trial
- [Agronomy of New Potato Lines (2006) - 9 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/agronomy-of-new-potato-lines-2006-9-pages): The 2006 growing season was cool and wet during May and June but temperatures were well above normal in July, August and early September. 20cm of rainfall was received over the growing period of June 1 - Sept. 1(normal = 17cm). A total of 15cm of supplemental irrigation was applied during the growing season (Fig. 06-1). Several heavy rain events occurred in mid-September after top kill - this precipitation had little impact on yields but delayed harvest operations. No problems with insects or diseases were observed in any of the trials conducted in 2006. N-Fertility Trials Time of Planting and Harvest Trials Spacing Trial Metribuzin Responses
- [Agronomy of New Potato Lines (2008) - 7 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/agronomy-of-new-potato-lines-2008-7-pages): 2008 Growing Season Temperatures in 2008 were well below normal in May and June, about normal in July and slightly above normal in August and through the harvest period in September. The frost-free period (May 26 to Sept 24) was near the 30-year average. About 17 cm of rainfall was received from June 1 - Sept 1 (normal = 17cm). Very limited precipitation throughout August resulted in exerted substantial moisture stress on the dryland crop during the crucial period of tuber set and bulking. A total of 15 cm of supplemental irrigation was applied during the 2008 growing season. N-Fertility Trials The objective of this trial was to determine optimum N-fertility recommendations under irrigation for a range of new cultivars. The soil-N treatments (total of 100, 150, 200 or 250 # N/a) were achieved by pre-plant broadcasting sufficient 46-0-0 to supplement the residual soil N (ca. 100 # N/a). The N treatments were laid out in an incremental design. Reds Norland AC Peregrine Dakota Rose Dakota Jewel Russets R. Norkotah R. Burbank Pacific Russet Gem Star
- [Agronomy of New Potato Lines (2009) - 7 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/agronomy-of-new-potato-lines-2009-7-pages): New cultivars tested in 2009 trials Milva (exclusive to a SSPGA member) - a yellow-fleshed oval table potato AC Peregrine Red (SSPGA exclusive) - red-skinned, white-fleshed table potato Gem Star (SSPGA members as local agents) - a russet processing potato O’Pearle (exclusive to a SSPGA member) - a yellow-fleshed “Baby” type potato The trials evaluated the new lines against established industry-standard lines (Russet Norkotah, Russet Burbank, Shepody and Norland).
- [Alternative Strategies for Establishing Garlic - Bulblets Power Point Presentation (2014) - 20 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/alternative-strategies-for-establishing-garlic-bulblets-power-point-presentation-2016-20-pages): PowerPoint Presentation from Dr. Doug Waterer 2016. Alternative Strategy … Use bulblets to establish the crop Each plant produces 10-200 bulblets, depending on the cultivar, Bulblets are easy to harvest, store well and their round shape makes them easy to machine plant. Some questions … - will fall-seeded bulblets overwinter? - how well will the bulblets grow? - what kind of yields can be expected? - what quality can be expected? - will it take 2 years to produce standard size bulbs?
- [Asparagus Cultivar Trial (2016) - 3 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/asparagus-cultivar-trial-2016-3-pages): In 2016 the Vegetable Research Program at the University of Saskatchewan initiated a cultivar testing program for asparagus. The trial was planted at the Horticulture Field Research Facility in Saskatoon, SK. The site features a Sutherland Series clay soil (pH 7.9, E.C. <1 dS/m). Clay soils are not generally recommended for asparagus production as they can distort spear growth and promote root disease but if well-managed clay soils have the potential to produce excellent yields. The seed of the asparagus lines to be tested was obtained from various sources across N. America. Established varieties, as well as un-named new lines, were included in the trial. Twelve-week old greenhouse-grown seedlings were transplanted into the field in mid-June.
- [Cabbage Post Harvest Handling and Storage (2001) - 2 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/cabbage-post-harvest-handling-and-storage-2001-2-pages): Maturity Determining the optimal time to harvest cabbage is often difficult. The decision to harvest may be based on overall appearance such as when the wrapper leaves are spread and the head is exposed and firm to touch. Generally, mature cabbage have good head formation and have good weight in comparison to size. Mature cabbage have a longer post-harvest lifespan and have better use of storage space than immature cabbage because the heads of the mature crop are dense. Harvesting, Handling & Storage Storage Diseases
- [Calcium Nutrition of Potatoes ... Problems and Potential Solutions (1990) - 3 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/calcium-nutrition-of-potatoes-problems-and-potential-solutions-1990-3-pages): Adequate calcium (Ca) is a critical aspect of the mineral nutrition of potatoes. Calcium is involved in both the structure and function of all plant cell walls and membranes. Inadequate supplies of calcium cause growth abnormalities like internal brown spot and hollow heart. Adequate calcium nutrition can also improve skin colour in red potatoes while reducing problems with blackspot bruising and buckskinning. Abundant tissue calcium also increases the tubers’ resistance to attack by soft rot bacteria during storage and may improve the performance of seed potatoes. The soil test recommendation for Ca for potato production is around 300 ppm (600 #/a) and most soils in Saskatchewan contain 2 or 3 times the critical level of Ca. Deficiencies can occur, especially on the sandy soils preferred in potato production. Growers are urged to have the Ca levels of their soils tested - especially when moving onto a new field. Problems with calcium deficiency may still arise in fields that appear to have abundant Ca. This reflects the nature of Saskatchewan soils as well as the manner in which Ca is absorbed and subsequently allocated within the potato plant. While Saskatchewan soils tend to be rich in Ca, they may also contain very high levels of potassium (K). This superabundance of K in the root zone may competitively interfere with Ca uptake.
- [Carrots Post Harvest Handling and Storage (2001) - 2 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/carrots-post-harvest-handling-and-storage-2001-2-pages): Maturity Carrots accumulate sugars as they mature in the field. A high sugar content improves eating quality, increases storage potential and maintains moisture in the roots during storage. At harvest, carrots must be firm and bright orange in colour, should have achieved sufficient size to fill in the tips, and should have uniform taper from shoulder to tip. Harvesting, Handling & Storage Storage Diseases
- [Changes in Vine Moisture Content and Yields Following Chemical Desiccation of Potatoes (1998-2000) - 3 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/changes-in-vine-moisture-content-and-yields-following-chemical-desiccation-of-potatoes-1998-2000-3-pages): Trials were conducted in from 1998-2000 on the Department of Plant Sciences Potato Research plots located in Saskatoon. The crop was planted in mid-May. In all three years Ranger Russet, Russet Burbank and Russet Norkotah were tested, while in 1999 and 2000 Shepody was also evaluated. The crop was irrigated and standard pest management and fertility recommendations were followed. The desiccant Reglone (diquat) was applied in the first week of September at 1.0 l/a via a ground sprayer in 120 l/a of water. The plots were sprayed in the evening to maximize efficacy of the product. Seven days after the initial application of top killer, a second application was made (0.75 l/a in 120 l water). The crop was harvested at specific intervals after top-killing with a small plot harvester. Timing of harvest; a) Fresh harvest (1st week of September) - this approximates the typical time of top kill for seed and table potatoes in Saskatchewan. B) Top-Kill + 10 days (3rd week of September) - 10-14 days after top killing represents the earliest growers can typically expect to harvest after top killing. C) Top-Kill + 20 days (1st week of October) - by this point, growers expect the crop should be ready to harvest. Any further delay increases the risk of frost damage. One third of the plot was harvested at each interval.
- [CO2 Levels in Low Tunnels Peppers and melons (2001-2002) - 4 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/co2-levels-in-low-tunnels-peppers-and-melons-2001-2002-4-pages): Plants use the energy in sunlight to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) and water into sugars that form the basic building blocks for plant growth. Plant growth rates are strongly influenced by the availability of CO2. Under normal field conditions, CO2 levels are typically between 350 and 400 ppm. Once CO2 levels drop to 200 ppm, photosynthesis and growth slow, while higher than normal CO2 levels can accelerate plant growth. Deficient CO2 levels commonly occur within the confines of greenhouses as the rate at which the greenhouse crops absorb CO2 exceeds the rate it is replenished by introducing fresh outside air into the greenhouse. When greenhouse growers add CO2 to overcome this problem, they can substantially boost their yields if they add CO2 well in excess (ca 1000 ppm) of the normal atmospheric levels. In Saskatchewan, many growers are using low tunnels constructed of polyethylene or woven fibre to create the warm, sheltered microclimate preferred by crops like tomatoes, peppers and melons. Like a greenhouse, the low tunnels work by restricting the movement of air in the vicinity of the crop - but the covers may also restrict replenishment of the CO2 utilized by the crop. This study examined the CO2 levels inside a standard low tunnel and explored the potential for adding CO2 into the tunnels as a means to enhance productivity.
- [Controlling Sclerotinia in Pumpkins - summary (2020) 1 page](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/controlling-sclerotinia-in-pumpkins-summary-2020-1-page): Sclerotinia disease (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) causes significant losses to Saskatchewan’s commercial pumpkin growers, both in the field and during subsequent storage, handling and marketing of the crop. The disease is widespread, persists in the soil for years and is not controlled by standard crop rotation. In 2020 the Saskatchewan Vegetable Growers Association received support from the ADOPT Program of Saskatchewan Agriculture to demonstrate the potential to control losses to sclerotinia by; a) growing more disease tolerant pumpkin cultivars, b) adopting growing methods that reduce crop susceptibility to Sclerotinia and, c) by using biological control agents or new low risk fungicides to control the disease.
- [Corn Borers and Corn Earworm Problems in Sweet Corn (unkown) - 4 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/corn-borers-and-corn-earworm-problems-in-sweet-corn-unkown-4-pages): Over the past couple of years, sweet corn growers across Saskatchewan have reported more problems with “worms” in their corn. There has been considerable confusion as to whether the problem is Corn Earworm (Helicoverpa zea), European Corn Borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) or perhaps both. The objective of this article is to help growers to identify the problem and to take appropriate control measures.
- [Delaying Harvest Increases Losses to Common Scab in Potatoes (1999) - 3 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/delaying-harvest-increases-losses-to-common-scab-in-potatoes-1999-3-pages): In commercial potato production, it is not uncommon for harvest to be delayed for several weeks after the tops have naturally senesced or been chemically desiccated. Delaying harvest is known to increase the incidence of Rhizoctonia (Black Scurf) on the tubers. Trials conducted by the University of Saskatchewan from 1995-1997, indicated that the incidence and severity of common scab increased the longer the crop was in the ground (ie; early planting combined with the late harvest). In these trials, yields also increased the longer the crop was in the ground, which tended to offset the increased grade out to excessive scab. In 1998 and 1999 we specifically evaluated how yields and grade-out to scab changed as the interval between top kill and harvest increased. The trials were conducted on land heavily infected by common scab. Norland and Shepody were used as the test crops. The crops were planted in mid-May and grown using standard management practices for irrigated potatoes.
- [Demonstration of Fungicides for the Control of Neck Rot in Stored Onions (2011) - 3 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/demonstration-of-fungicides-for-the-control-of-neck-rot-in-stored-onions-2011-3-pages): Botrytis neck rot is a common problem in stored onions in Saskatchewan. Sweet and white onions are most susceptible to neck rot, followed by the reds, with the yellow storage types showing the greatest resistance to the disease. There is no genetic resistance to botrytis neck rot, but for reasons of growth habit cultivars do show differing degrees of sensitivity to neck rot. The initial inoculum for neck rot arises from infected crop residues left in the soil or from cull piles. During cool, moist weather these disease sources produce air-borne spores which blow onto the foliage of onion crops developing in adjacent fields. If field conditions are suitable some species of botrytis (ie; B. squamosa) may produce lesions on the onion leaves but in dry environments like Saskatchewan the resulting damage to the foliage is rarely sufficient to jeopardize yields. The real damage is done when the fungus invades the bulb via the wound created when the onion top is removed at harvest.
- [Demonstration of Herbicides for Weed Control in Onions (2011-2012) - 5 apges](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/demonstration-of-herbicides-for-weed-control-in-onions-2011-2012-5-apges): This project demonstrated the efficacy and crop safety of a range of herbicides for use in yellow onion production. Thorough, consistent weed control is essential for successful onion production. Onions remain sensitive to weed competition for the entire growing season. Presently weed control in onions is achieved through mechanical tillage and/or application of herbicides. Herbicides have several potential advantages over tillage for controlling weeds in onions. Well-timed application of an appropriate herbicide can provide long-lasting weed control - including the weeds growing within the row. Chemical weed control may also be achieved at a lower overall cost than repeated tillage operations – especially if hand weeding is required to deal with weeds within the rows that are typically missed by standard between-row tillage. Trials were conducted in 2011 and 2012 at the University of Saskatchewan Horticulture Field Research Facility in Saskatoon. This site has been in the long term production of horticultural crops and has a “typical” spectrum of broadleaf weeds seen in vegetable fields. Grassy weeds are uncommon. Both fields used in the trials were in summer fallow the previous year. Summer fallowing is a common practice in land designated for onion production – as it reduces the weed pressure. The products tested, the rates applied and the recommended crop stage for treatment were;  Trmt 1- Chateau (51 WDG) (flumioxazin) @ 28-56 g/a. Apply at 4-6 leaf stage  Trmt 2 - Goal (4SC) (oxyfluorfen) @ 230 ml/a. Apply after 2 leaf stage  Trmt 3 - Buctril (bromoxynil) @ 94-236 ml/a. Apply at 2-5 leaf stage  Trmt 4 - Dual Magnum (7.6E) (metolachlor) @ 330-615 ml/a. Apply after 2 leaf stage  Trmt 5 - Prowl (3.8 ACS) (pendimethalin) @ 340-950 ml/a. Apply after 2 leaf stage
- [Demonstration of Herbicides for Weed Control in Onions PowerPoint Presentation (2011-2012) - 5 apges](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/demonstration-of-herbicides-for-weed-control-in-onions-powerpoint-presentation-2011-2012-5-apges): PowerPoint presentation from Dr. Doug Waterer. Similar information but more pictures than the 5 page pdf of "Demonstration of Herbicides for Weed Control in Onions 2011-2012)". The products tested, the rates applied and the recommended crop stage for treatment were;  Trmt 1- Chateau (51 WDG) (flumioxazin) @ 28-56 g/a. Apply at 4-6 leaf stage  Trmt 2 - Goal (4SC) (oxyfluorfen) @ 230 ml/a. Apply after 2 leaf stage  Trmt 3 - Buctril (bromoxynil) @ 94-236 ml/a. Apply at 2-5 leaf stage  Trmt 4 - Dual Magnum (7.6E) (metolachlor) @ 330-615 ml/a. Apply after 2 leaf stage  Trmt 5 - Prowl (3.8 ACS) (pendimethalin) @ 340-950 ml/a. Apply after 2 leaf stage
- [Demonstration of New Cauliflower Cultivars (2022) 1 page](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/demonstration-of-new-cauliflower-cultivars-2022-1-page): The objective of this project was to assess the yield potential and quality of cauliflower cultivars for production in Saskatchewan. In the first year of this 2 year project, 13 cultivars of cauliflower were evaluated in a field trial conducted within a commercial field of cauliflower grown by Spring Creek Garden in the Outlook area. The crops were established using transplants in either mid-May or early June. Recommended management practice for irrigated production of cauliflower were followed. The crop was harvested once the heads reached marketable size. Head numbers, weights and quality were assessed. Although the 2022 growing season was quite favorable and the crop was carefully managed, crop vigor and yields in this trial were only fair.
- [Enhancing Crop Growth with Colored Plastic Mulches peppers, tomatoes, melons, zucchini (2000-2001) - 4 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/enhancing-crop-growth-with-colored-plastic-mulches-peppers-tomatoes-melons-zucchini-2000-2001-4-pages): The use of black or IRT soil mulches for weed control and clear mulches for increasing soil temperatures are common practices in vegetable crop production. The development of new colours of mulch may allow growers to alter other aspects of crop growth. Red mulch has been shown to increase the early and total yields of tomatoes. Blue mulch improved both the growth and flavour of turnips. Yellow and silver mulches have been shown to repel certain insect pests. The trial conducted in 2000 and 2001 evaluated the performance of several high value warm season vegetable crops are grown on a range of mulch colours. The trial was conducted at the Department of Plant Sciences Horticulture Field research station in Saskatoon in 2000 and 2001. In 2000, clear, black, wavelength selective (IRT), blue, yellow and white mulch were tested. In 2001, silver and red mulches were added to the trial. The mulches were laid about a week prior to the establishment of the crop. The peppers, tomatoes and melons were transplanted while the zucchini was direct-seeded.
- [Evaluation of Bibb (Butterhead) Lettuce Cultivars for Hydroponic Production in Saskatchewan Greenhouses (2016) - 3 apges](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/evaluation-of-bibb-butterhead-lettuce-cultivars-for-hydroponic-production-in-saskatchewan-greenhouses-2016-3-apges): Lettuce has excellent potential as a greenhouse crop in Saskatchewan. This project evaluated cultivars of bibb-type lettuce for their suitability for hydroponic production in the greenhouse. Performance factors evaluated included speed of development, tolerance of biotic (disease and insects) and abiotic stresses (heat, cold, low light and nutrient imbalances), as well as head size, appearance, texture and flavor. A total of 53 cultivars were tested over 25 production cycles which ran from January 2012 through June 2014. The lettuce was grown utilizing a nutrient film technique hydroponic production system. Cultivars that produced looser heads tended to be higher yielding and had fewer problems with tipburn than the semi-head types. Red Sails (Johnny’s Seed), Two Star (Stokes) and Simpsons Elite (Stokes) Optima (Osborne Seeds), Adriana (Johnny’s), Natalia (Paramount) and Santoro (Rijk Zwaan)
- [Evaluation of Bibb (Butterhead) Lettuce for Hydroponic Production in Saskatchewan Greenhouses Full Report (2016) - 28 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/evaluation-of-bibb-butterhead-lettuce-for-hydroponic-production-in-saskatchewan-greenhouses-full-report-2016-28-pages): Abstract Lettuce has excellent potential as a greenhouse crop in Saskatchewan. Lettuce is in demand year round and it grows well under low light levels and cool temperatures – making lettuce well suited for production during winter months. Profitable greenhouse production depends on growers using production practices which maximize productivity and quality while minimizing costs. Selection of well-adapted cultivars is a cost effective means of enhancing productivity and quality. This project sought to evaluate cultivars of lettuce suited to hydroponic production. Performance factors evaluated included speed of development, tolerance of biotic (disease and insects) and abiotic stresses (heat, cold, low light and nutrient imbalances), as well as head size, appearance, texture and flavor. A total of 53 cultivars of Bibb type (aka. Butterhead, Buttercrunch) lettuce were demonstrated over 25 production cycles which ran from January 2012 through June 2014. The lettuce plants were grown for 4 weeks in rockwool or Jiffy pots prior to being moved into the NFT-type hydroponic production system. Through progressive production cycles growing methods were modified in an effort to enhance productivity and quality. After testing many fertility regimes – excellent crop growth and quality could be achieved using a simple fertilizer program based on using a readily available complete fertilizer product (7-11-27+micros) supplemented with calcium nitrate and ammonium sulfate. The lettuce crops reached marketable size within 3-4 weeks of transplanting into the hydroponic system. The rate of crop growth varied with the amount of light available to the crop. Supplementing natural light with artificial light (125 umol/m2 for 16 h/day from a HPS system) enhanced crop growth and quality during the winter months. Cultivars that produced looser heads tended to be higher yielding and had fewer problems with tipburn than the semi-head types. Of the loose head types - Red Sails (Johnny’s Seed), Two Star (Stokes) and Simpsons Elite (Stokes) consistently produced large attractive heads with good flavor and minimal tipburn. Optima (Osborne Seeds), Adriana (Johnny’s), Natalia (Paramount) and Santoro (Rijk Zwaan) were the best semi-head types – combining good yields and appearance with only moderate grade out to tipburn.
- [Evaluation of Biocontrol Agents for Colorado Potato Beetles (2000) - 3 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/evaluation-of-biocontrol-agents-for-colorado-potato-beetles-2000-3-pages): Defoliation of potatoes and other Solanaceous crops by Colorado Potato Beetles (CPB) may cause yield losses, with the extent of damage depending on insect populations and the vigor of the crop. Consistent chemical control of CPB is complicated by their rapid development of resistance to a range of pesticide chemistries. The application of biocontrol agents may represent an alternative to standard chemical control. This trial evaluated the biocontrol agents Bacillus thuringiensis and Beaveria bassiana for their ability to control CPB populations in an irrigated potato crop in Saskatchewan. The trials were conducted on the Plant Sciences Department Potato Research plots in 1999 and 2000. Russet Burbank (1999) or Norland (2000) potatoes were grown using standard irrigated production practices. The long history of potato production in the plot area has provided ample opportunity for the establishment of a CPB population. In previous years, CPB numbers were sufficient to cause some yield loss. To increase the CPB populations in the test area, adult beetles captured in other areas were released into the plot in the first week of July. The final population of adults (ca 1/plant) approximates the economic damage threshold. The treatments were ; Control - no CPB control methods applied. Chemical - Decis (deltamethrin) @ 150 ml/ha Beaveria bassiana - Mycotrol® (Mycotech Corp.) @ 2.3 1/ha Bacillus thuringiensis - Safers® BTKtm @ 3.3 l/ha in 1999 and B.t. tenebriones in 2000 The sprays were applied to the foliage of the crop beginning in late June 20 with the emergence of the first larva and repeated every two weeks until early August. Counts of CPB larvae and adults were done weekly. The crop was harvested in late September.
- [Evaluation of herbicides for long-term weed control in row middles pumpkins and cucumbers (2010) - 4 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/evaluation-of-herbicides-for-long-term-weed-control-in-row-middles-pumpkins-and-cucumbers-2010-4-pages): The rows of many horticultural crops are widely spaced to provide room for eventual crop growth and/or access by equipment and pickers. Consistent weed control in the space between rows (row middles) is necessary; otherwise, the weeds will compete with the crop and/or interfere with the harvest. At present, most growers rely on tillage to control weeds in the row middles. However, tillage tends to stimulate the germination of weed seeds – necessitating repeated tillage operations over the course of the growing season. Repeated tillage is time-consuming, burns fossil fuels, degrades the soil structure and contributes to the depletion of soil organic matter reserves. Tillage between the rows also becomes progressively less practical as the crop grows into the row middles. The range of herbicides tested was based on previous U of S work and suggestions from the industry; a) Weedy control – no tillage beyond the initial field prep b) Clean Start = Aim (carfentrazone) @ 14ml/a + Roundup (glyphosate) @ 0.5 l/a c) Chateau (flumioxazin) @ 75g/a d) Sencor (metribuzin) @ 200 g/a e) Lorox (linuron) @ 1.9 L/a f) Authority (sulfentrazone) @ 100 ml/a g) Edge (ethafluralin) @12 kg/a h) Goal (oxyflurfen) @ 500 ml/a i) Corn gluten @ 1200 kg/a This would be more than enough time to allow a vine crop like cucumbers or pumpkins to become well established with the vines filling in the row centers, effectively eliminating the need for any further weed control.
- [Evaluation of Variety Performance for Fall-Planted Garlic in Saskatchewan (2004) - 3 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/evaluation-of-variety-performance-for-fall-planted-garlic-in-saskatchewan-2004-3-pages): Commercial production of garlic is limited on the Canadian Prairies, as growers find it difficult to compete in the wholesale markets with low price imported product. There is however considerable interest in growing garlic in the hobby garden and for local sale. Variety selection is one of the most important decisions any garlic grower makes - but it is particularly important on the Prairies as growing conditions are challenging. Trials conducted a decade ago by the University of Saskatchewan demonstrated that fall planting generally results in superior yields and quality under Prairie conditions ...but only if adapted varieties were planted. In 2002 and 2003, we re-examined the performance of a range of garlic varieties in fall-planted trials in Saskatchewan. The trials were conducted on research plots managed by the Department of Plant Sciences at the University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon SK. Planting material was obtained from commercial and private suppliers of “seed garlic”. A couple of varieties were also obtained “off the shelf” from local retail groceries. The plots were planted out in mid-October.
- [Factors Influencing Performance of Fall Planted Garlic (2002) - 2 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/factors-influencing-performance-of-fall-planted-garlic-2002-2-pages): Fall planting garlic has the potential to increase yields providing the crop survives the winter. Studies conducted by the University of Saskatchewan in 1992 and 1993 identified little need to mulch fall-planted garlic. The trial results suggested that mulching the crop actually reduced yields and exacerbated problems with weed control. However, commercial growers reported limited or variable success with fall planting the crop, primarily due to problems with winter kill. These differing responses to fall planting may reflect; 1) differences in the site ie; snow cover or b) differences in the winter-hardiness of the planting material. This trial evaluated the influence of fall mulching on the overwinter survival and subsequent yield performance of a number of garlic genotypes. The trial was conducted at the Department of Plant Sciences Horticulture Fields Research Station in Saskatoon. The site features a clay soil and is well sheltered. The planting material was collected from local growers, seed companies and local retailers. The trial was planted in early October.
- [Farm Biosecurity Guide for Saskatchewan Vegetable Crop Producers 2022 84 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/farm-biosecurity-guide-for-saskatchewan-vegetable-crop-producers-2022-84-pages): Objective: to help growers to reduce the risk of crop pests invading or spreading on vegetable farms in Saskatchewan Updated March 2022 Saskatchewan Vegetable Growers Association Research by: Doug Waterer Funding support provided by: Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture While any/all materials generated under this contract are the property of the SVGA – they may not be sold or otherwise used or distributed without the expressed written approval of SVGA and Doug Waterer.
- [Fusarium basal plate rot - onions, garlic summary (2020) - 1 page](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/fusarium-basal-plate-rot-onions-garlic-summary-2020-1-page): Scenario - an onion crop established using sets had been looking good until the onset of warm weather in mid-July. Within a few days, a good portion of the crop had begun to wilt, yellow and die. Problems seem more severe in low, flood-prone spots in the field. When the damaged plants were lifted, a brown-red rot was found at the connection between the bulb and the root system. Diagnosis: Basal plate rot Basal plate rot (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae) is a persistent soil-borne organism. It is most likely introduced into non-contaminated fields on infested garlic cloves or onion sets. The disease tends to occur more frequently on garlic and Spanish-type onion varieties than on yellow cooking onion varieties. The pathogen infects when soils become warm - so the problem usually shows up in mid-summer. Even in heavily contaminated fields the disease rarely occurs when soil temperatures are below 15°C.
- [Green Manure Cover Crops Between Rows of Widely Spaced Vegetable Crops like Pumpkins (2012) - 5 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/green-manure-cover-crops-between-rows-of-widely-spaced-vegetable-crops-like-pumpkins-2012-5-pages): Squash and pumpkin are grown with wide spaces between the rows. Tillage is commonly used to control the weeds between the rows but tillage is time-consuming and damages the soil structure. Using herbicides to control weeds growing between the rows depends on identifying herbicides and application methods that are effective and crop safe. By planting low growing cover crops in the space between the rows it may be possible to suppress weeds while also contributing to the soil organic matter reserves. This project evaluated the potential to grow green manure cover crops between the rows of a widely spaced, locally popular vegetable crop – pumpkins.
- [Growing Conditions and Crop Performance in High Tunnels (2013) - 6 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/growing-conditions-and-crop-performance-in-high-tunnels-2013-6-pages): In June 2012 a wind event (96 km/h peak gusts) collapsed 4 of the 8 tunnels in the complex, with lesser damage to all of the tunnels – including those being used in this project. The degree of damage that occurred at wind speeds not uncommon in Saskatchewan led to the conclusion that this type of high tunnel system is not well suited to local use. In 2013 we constructed two freestanding 3rd generation high tunnels. These structures are built of heavier materials and have a lower profile than the 2nd generation tunnels – so they should better withstand weather events. However, the 3rd generation structures are considerably more expensive than the 2nd generation tunnels previously tested. The Gothic type tunnel system is built with heavier materials and closer spaced arches as it is designed to remain covered over the winter months. Price per unit production area of the Gothic type tunnel ($3.52/sq ft ) is more than double the lighter duty standard tunnel ($1.48/sq ft).
- [Growing Conditions and Crop Performance in High Tunnels (2015) - 12 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/growing-conditions-and-crop-performance-in-high-tunnels-2014-12-pages): 2014 Cropping Season The cover was left on the Gothic tunnel over the winter of 2013/2014, as this would eliminate the labor cost associated with removing and then re-installing the cover (Fig. 2). Keeping the production area snow-free all winter would also accelerate drying and warming of the production area in the spring – potentially allowing an earlier start to the growing season. In January of 2014, a storm event with record-setting high winds speeds (> 120 km/h) blew the cover off the Gothic high tunnel (Fig. 3). The structural elements of the tunnel were not damaged. The cover was replaced at a cost of $900. The adjacent Supersolo high tunnel did not sustain any damage as it was not covered at the time of the storm. Because of excessively wet field conditions, the plastic cover for the tunnels could not be installed until early May. The production area inside the high tunnels was prepared by spreading N fertilizer on the soil surface and then rotovating the soil.
- [Growing Conditions and Crop Performance in High Tunnels (2015) - 11 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/growing-conditions-and-crop-performance-in-high-tunnels-2015-11-pages): 2015 Cropping Season The cover was left on the Gothic tunnel over the winter of 2014/2015, as this would eliminate the labor cost associated with removing and then re-installing the cover (Fig. 2). Keeping the production area snow-free all winter should also accelerate drying and warming of the production area in the spring – potentially allowing an earlier start to the growing season. Over 25cm of wet snow fell during a storm event in late April of 2015. The Gothic design very efficiently shed this snow (see Fig. 2) – and no damage occurred to the structure. In the first week of May the cover was re-installed on the larger Supersolo tunnel. This process went fairly smoothly and took a total of 10 person-hours. Unfortunately, as the field adjacent to the tunnels was still quite wet, the cover picked up a lot of soil being moved into place prior to installation. Efforts to spray the soil off the cover met with only limited success (Fig. 3) and light levels in the tunnel were reduced by this soil.
- [Growing Conditions and Crop Performance in High Tunnels Pepper, tomato, Bibb-type lettuce, watermelon, raspberry, strawberry (2016) - 11 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/growing-conditions-and-crop-performance-in-high-tunnels-pepper-tomato-bibb-type-lettuce-watermelon-raspberry-strawberry-2016-11-pages): High tunnels are easy to build, low cost, low tech greenhouses constructed by covering lightweight aluminium framing with a single layer of polyethylene. There is no supplemental heat or power, but the sides and/or end walls can be opened manually to provide ventilation. Previous research conducted by the Vegetable Crops Research Program at the University of Saskatchewan has demonstrated the potential production and economic benefits of growing high value, warm season vegetable crops in high tunnels. In 2013 two freestanding 3rd generation high tunnels (Fig. 1) were constructed at the University of Saskatchewan Horticulture Research Station in Saskatoon. The Gothic type tunnel system stays covered all winter. Its peaked roof is designed to shed snow and its stronger and more closely spaced arches are designed to withstand some snow and wind load. Price per unit production area of the Gothic type tunnel is nearly double the lighter duty standard tunnel (Supersolo). It took about 40 person hours to construct each of the new tunnels and to get the plastic cover installed. Results from the 2013, 2014 and 2015 trials in the high tunnels have been presented elsewhere.
- [Growing Hydroponic Lettuce in Saskatchewan Greenhouse Broucher (2016) - 4 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/growing-hydroponic-lettuce-in-saskatchewan-greenhouse-broucher-2016-4-pages): Lettuce has excellent potential as a year-round indoor crop. Lettuce grows rapidly, even in situations of relatively low light and temperatures. Buttercrunch (aka Boston bibb or semi-head lettuce) type lettuce is particularly well-suited to indoor production as it produces compact high quality plants that can be harvested one leaf at a time or as an entire mature head. Recirculating hydroponic systems allow very effective use of growing space and nutrients and are well suited to indoor production of high value crops such as lettuce.
- [Growing Methods to Assist in the Expansion of the Garlic lndustry in Saskatchewan (2019-2021) 2 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/growing-methods-to-assist-in-the-expansion-of-the-garlic-lndustry-in-saskatchewan-2019-2021-2-pages): To help develop better production practices for garlic in Saskatchewan, trials were established under at the Conservation Learning Center (Prince Albert) in spring and fall of 2019 and under irrigation at the Canada-Saskatchewan Irrigation Diversification Center (Outlook) in spring of 2019 and fall of 2019, 2020 and 2021.
- [Herbicide Efficacy and Crop Safety in Spring Planted Garlic (2016) - 3 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/herbicide-efficacy-and-crop-safety-in-spring-planted-garlic-2016-3-pages): As a short stature, shallow-rooted crop garlic is poorly adapted to compete against weeds. Careful weed control over the full duration of the growing season is recommended. Relying on tillage to control weeds in garlic is problematic as the rows are tightly spaced and its coarse shallow root system is sensitive to soil compaction and mechanical damage. Multiple passes of tillage equipment combined with frequent irrigation also tend to promote the emergence of several flushes of weeds over the course of the season. For these reasons, growers are interested in the potential to use herbicides in garlic. However, the range of herbicides presently registered for use in garlic in Canada is very limited and the limited number of products that are registered have to be used carefully otherwise there is significant potential for crop damage to occur, The objective of this project was to do a preliminary assessment of the crop safety and efficacy of one of the herbicides registered for use in garlic in Canada (bromoxonil) along with a potential alternative herbicide – oxyfluorfen. Oxyfluorfen is presently registered for use on onions in Canada and is widely used on garlic in the USA.
- [High Tunnel Project (2005) - 4 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/high-tunnel-project-2005-4-pages): In 2005, we looked at increasing both the diversity of crops tested in the high tunnels and the intensity of production. Performance of plants in the high tunnels was compared to standard production techniques - otherwise similar crop management procedures were used inside and outside the high tunnel. The crops were harvested at maturity, weighed and graded. Harvesting continued until the crop was finished or the first killing frost. The date by which 50% of the crop had matured was calculated as an indicator of the rate of crop development.
- [High Tunnel Project (2011) =- 4 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/high-tunnel-project-2011-4-pages): In 2006, we looked at the potential to use high tunnels to increase yields and/or quality of romaine lettuce and bell pepper. Performance of plants in the high tunnels was compared to standard production techniques - otherwise similar crop management procedures were used inside and outside the high tunnel. The lettuce crop was harvested at maturity, weighed and graded. Harvesting of the bell peppers continued until the first killing frost.
- [Identification of Onion Cultivars Suited to Saskatchewan Production Conditions and Market Requirements (2021-2022) 1 page](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/identification-of-onion-cultivars-suited-to-saskatchewan-production-conditions-and-market-requirements-2021-2022-1-page): Trials to assess the performance of onion cultivars potentially suited to Saskatchewan growing conditions were conducted in 2021 at the CSIDC Field Station in Outlook SK and in 2022 at Spring Creek Gardens, a commercial vegetable farm located near Outlook. Both test sites feature an irrigated sandy loam soil which is well suited to onion production. In both years, promising cultivars of yellow, red, white and Spanish type onions were established by direct seeding. Some of the longer season cultivars were also established using greenhouse grown transplants. In both years, the direct seeded onions were very slow to emerge and weed pressure was too intense to be controlled with the available herbicides or by tillage. Consequently, in both years the direct seeded trials were terminated early as the plant stand was too poor and the field too overrun with weeds to generate any useful performance or yield data. In the 2021 trial, the transplanted onions began to die off within a week of being put into the field and within 6 weeks less than 5% of the plants were still surviving. Wireworms were the likely cause of this problem. In the transplanted onion trial in 2022 adequate weed control was achieved using herbicides supplemented with hand weeding and no wireworm issues were observed. Yields and quality of all the transplanted onion cultivars tested in 2022 were exceptionally good.
- [Impact of broflanilide-based seed treatments applied to cereal crops on wireworm populations (2022) 1 page](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/impact-of-broflanilide-based-seed-treatments-applied-to-cereal-crops-on-wireworm-populations-2022-1-page): Wireworms are becoming increasingly problematic in Saskatchewan. Yields and appearance of vegetable can be impaired due to wireworm damage. There are few chemical control options available to help manage wireworms in vegetable crops in Canada. Broflanilide (marketed by BASF as Teraxxa F4) was approved for use as a seed treatment on cereal crops in Canada in 2020. Broflanilide has been approved for use as an in-furrow spray treatment to be applied at planting time to potatoes and sweet corn (marketed by BASF as Cimegra) – but approval for its use in other vegetable crops is still pending. In the meantime, it may still be possible for vegetable growers to benefit from the wireworm control provided by this new product – if they treated the seed of any cereal crops used as rotation or cover crops with broflanilide.
- [Impact of Cabbage Transplant Age and Cell Size on Cabbage Performance (2004) - 3 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/impact-of-cabbage-transplant-age-and-cell-size-on-cabbage-performance-2004-3-pages): When arranging to purchase cabbage transplants, the optimum age of the seedlings at delivery and the amount of media or space each seedling is given in the greenhouse need to be determined. These factors influence both the cost of the seedling and the seedlings’ subsequent performance in the field. The longer the plants are held in the greenhouse and the greater amount of space given each plant, the larger the resulting seedling at transplanting time. The cost per seedling also increases with the time and growing space provided. Although putting the largest seedlings possible into the field might appear advantageous in terms of getting the crop off to a quick start, larger seedlings are also more prone to transplanting shock. In the 2003 and 2004 growing seasons, this study looked at the effect of age of transplants and the greenhouse space provided each seedling on the subsequent field performance of cabbage transplants.
- [Impact of low dosage foliar applied 2,4-D on skin color of red potatoes (1996-1998) - 2 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/impact-of-low-dosage-foliar-applied-24-d-on-skin-color-of-red-potatoes-1996-1998-2-pages): Foliar application of the herbicide 2,4-D has been reported to enhance the red colour and improve skin appearance in red-type potatoes (Norland, Pontiac etc). This management practise is extensive used in production areas of north-central United States where warm soil temperatures interfere with good colour development. This trial examined the potential to use 2,4-D to enhance the skin colour of Norland grown in Saskatchewan. ** 2,4-D is not licenced for application to potatoes in Canada. ** Trials were conducted at the Horticulture Science Department Potato Research Plots in Saskatoon from 1996-1998.
- [Influence of Mulches on Crop Establishment and Yield of Direct Seeded and Transplanted Pumpkins (1997-1998) - 4 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/influence-of-mulches-on-crop-establishment-and-yield-of-direct-seeded-and-transplanted-pumpkins-1997-1998-4-pages): Pumpkins are a high-value warm-season crop that should respond well to the benefits supplied by soil mulches. Pumpkins can be established by either direct-seeding or via transplanting. Direct seeding represents a lower cost option however, soil temperatures in the spring are rarely near the optimum for germination of pumpkins. Soil mulches should enhance the germination of pumpkins as they increase soil temperatures. Higher soil temperatures under mulches should also accelerate crop development, increase yields and/or accelerate crop maturity. The benefits of mulch should be most apparent when slow-developing cultivars are grown or when growing conditions are less than ideal. In 1997 and 1998, the influence of mulches on two cultivars of pumpkin established from seeds or transplants were evaluated at the Plant Science Department Research Station in Saskatoon. The cultivars tested were; “Spirit” -a relatively early maturing cultivar which produces excellent yields of medium sized fruit. “Howden” - a later maturing cultivar that produces large fruit with excellent colour The mulch treatments were; a) bare ground, b) black plastic mulch and c) clear plastic mulch.
- [Influence of soil mulches and method of crop establishment on growth and yields of pumpkins (1997-1998) - 4 pages Can. J. Plant Sci. 80: 385–388.](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/influence-of-soil-mulches-and-method-of-crop-establishment-on-growth-and-yields-of-pumpkins-1997-1998-4-pages-can-j-plant-sci-80-385-388): Waterer, D. 2000. Influence of soil mulches and method of crop establishment on growth and yields of pumpkins. Can. J. Plant Sci. 80: 385–388. Management methods that speed crop establishment, growth and maturity are essential to the efficient production of warm-season vegetable crops in regions with short, cool growing seasons. This study examined the influence of method of crop establishment and the use of plastic soil mulches on yields and crop maturity of two cultivars of pumpkins over two cropping seasons in central Saskatchewan. Transplanting did not improve stand establishment over direct seeding but enhanced yields without influencing crop maturity. Plastic mulches improved stand establishment and fruit yields relative to a non-mulched control. Clear mulch was superior to black plastic in some cases. Both cropping seasons were unusually favourable for pumpkin production, which may have obscured the benefits expected for transplanting or mulching. Keywords: Pumpkins, Cucumis pepo, seeding, transplanting, mulches, maturity, yields
- [Influence of Transplant Age on Performance of Muskmelon (2004) - 2 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/influence-of-transplant-age-on-performance-of-muskmelon-2004-2-pages): Successful production of muskmelon in Saskatchewan’s short growing season hinges on the use of transplants. Transplanting allows the temperature-sensitive germination process to occur under ideal conditions in the greenhouse. Transplanting also extends the effective length of the growing season. Typically cucurbits like melons are transplanted when relatively young (<2 weeks old), as they tend to become root-bound and sensitive to transplanting shock. However, use of larger, more advanced transplants may be advantageous when long-season crops like melons are grown in regions with an exceptionally short growing season. This trial evaluated the impact of transplant age on the performance of two muskmelon cultivars - Athena and Earligold. The transplants used were either 10 or 28 days old. The seedlings were planted into the field in the 3rd week of May onto IRT mulch with clear polyethylene row covers and drip irrigation. Conditions following transplanting were relatively cool and transplant survival was excellent. The cool weather however persisted for the duration of the 2004 growing season and development of the melon crop was slow. The trial was damaged by a late August frost and subsequent growth, fruit yields and fruit quality were poor.
- [Integrated Crop Management Practices for the Control of Common Scab of Potatoes (1997-1998) - 10 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/integrated-crop-management-practices-for-the-control-of-common-scab-of-potatoes-1997-1998-10-pages): Potato scab is a serious problem in Saskatchewan as scab levels above commercial tolerance levels result in grade outs and reduced crop quality. The pathogen causing scab is widely distributed in Saskatchewan and cannot be effectively controlled by crop rotation or chemical control methods. For the last four cropping seasons, this project has evaluated agronomic practices which could be used to control potato scab in Saskatchewan. Project 1. Soil pH Management Project 2. Delaying Harvest Increases Losses to Common Scab in Potatoes Project 3. Canopy Management to Control Common Scab Project 4. Time of Planting Project 5. Sulphur (S) as a Component on Nitrogen (N) Fertilization
- [Late Blight in Saskatchewan (2011) - 3 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/late-blight-in-saskatchewan-2011-3-pages): Late blight (Phytophthora infestans) is a fungal disease that attacks members of the Solanaceae family – tomatoes, potatoes, peppers, eggplant. Blight damage to the leaves and stems reduces vigor and yield potential. Blight damage to potato tubers and the fruit of tomatoes, peppers and eggplant causes rot in the field or during storage... The objective of this article is to provide gardeners with information for identifying and managing late blight in 2011.
- [Leaf Drop and Head Lettuce (2001) - 3 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/leaf-drop-and-head-lettuce-2001-3-pages): Leaf drop of lettuce is a common problem in Saskatchewan - particularly at sites with a long history of vegetable crop production. The fungus which causes leaf drop (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and S. minor) attacks a wide range of vegetable crops including beans, carrots, cole crops and tomatoes. Repeated cropping of a site to sensitive hosts results in high population of this fungus in the soil. The fungus gains entry into the lettuce crop by attacking any older senescent leaves which come into contact with the soil. As the infection develops the plants show a characteristic tendency to wilt even when adequately watered - leading to the “leaf drop” name. Eventually, the infected tissues produce resting bodies or sclerotia which resemble rodent droppings. These resting bodies are capable of persisting for several years in the soil. The wide host range and persistent resting bodies limits the potential to control “Leaf Drop” or related diseases via crop rotation. This study evaluated the potential to use fungicides to reduces losses to Leaf Drop in a direct-seeded lettuce crop. The trial was conducted as a component of a larger lettuce variety trial conducted in Outlook and Saskatoon in 2001. Both the production sites have a long history of continuous cropping to vegetables - with the associated problems with Sclerotinia. A number of varieties of head lettuce were direct seeded at each site in early May.
- [Low Input Potato Production (2001) - 3 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/low-input-potato-production-2001-3-pages): Rising input costs coupled with increasing market demand for “safer” products has lead many growers to consider “organic” or other reduced input production systems. This trial evaluated the yield potential of potatoes grown without synthetic fertilizers or pesticides relative to standard high input production. The trial was conducted on the University of Saskatchewan Potato Research plots. The trial area was part of a conventional cropping program and as such did not meet established standards for“organic” production. The previous barley crop had been sprayed to control weeds. The field was disked twice prior to planting. Heavy applications of manure in previous seasons had raised the fertility levels to close to the optimum for potatoes (110 #/a N, > 120 #/a P2O5 and > 1000 #/a K2O). No supplemental fertility was added to the “low input” regime, while 20 #/a of N, P2O5, and K2O were applied close to the seed in the standard regime. The trial was planted in mid-May utilizing Elite 3 seed of Norland and Russet Norkotah. As whole seed was used, no seed treatments were applied in either regime. The seed was planted at 23 cm in-row spacings with 1 m between rows. Each plot consisted of two 20 m long rows of each cultivar.
- [Low Tunnel Materials for Warm Season Vegetable Crops peppers, melons and tomato (2008-2009) - 7 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/low-tunnel-materials-for-warm-season-vegetable-crops-peppers-melons-and-tomato-2008-2009-7-pages): Previous trials have demonstrated the benefit of using row covers to enhance the early growth of warm-season crops like melons and peppers. There are many types of covers available and it is important to select the type of covering material that best suits the needs of the crop. This trial examined the performance of several warm-season vegetable crops (peppers, melons and tomato) grown with different types of row cover. The trial was conducted at the University of Saskatchewan Horticulture field Research Station in 2008 and 2009. This site features a Sutherland Series heavy clay soil which is slow to warm in the spring. The site was prepared by rotovating one week prior to transplanting the test crops. Three days before transplanting a biodegradable wavelength-selective plastic mulch was applied to the test plots. Drip irrigation lines were located beneath the mulch. Three-week-old cantaloupe (cv. ‘Strike’ in 2008 and ‘Athena’ in 2009) or 6-week old pepper (cv. ‘Red Start’) transplants were planted out into the mulched rows once the risk of frost had passed in early June. Tomato (cv. Celebrity) (6 wk old transplants) was also tested in 2009. The melon and pepper plants were spaced 30 cm apart within each row, while the tomatoes were spaced 0.5 m apart. Each test plot was 3 m long and the rows were 2m apart. Immediately after transplanting, row covers were installed on all plots except for a non-covered control. The cover materials tested were; a) perforated clear polyethylene – transmits about 85% of the light in the visible spectrum. Clear perforated polyethylene creates a very warm environment. b) non-perforated clear polyethylene – would be expected to create an environment even warmer than the equivalent perforated clear poly. c) perforated green polyethylene - filters out about 41 % of incoming light within the visible spectrum, resulting in cooler temperatures. Filtering certain wavelengths out of the incoming light may also alter the growth pattern of the covered crops. d) perforated white polyethylene - filters out about 26 % of the incoming visible light. e) Novagryl woven polyester - filters out about 20 % of the incoming visible light and is also highly perforated.
- [Low Tunnel Materials for Warm Season Vegetable Crops Tomato (2010-2011) - 5 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/low-tunnel-materials-for-warm-season-vegetable-crops-tomato-2010-2011-5-pages): Previous trials have demonstrated the benefit of using row covers to enhance early growth of warm season crops like melons and peppers. There are many types of covers available and it is important to select the type of covering material that best suits the needs of the crop. This trial examined the performance of tomatoes grown with different types of row cover. The trial was conducted at the University of Saskatchewan Horticulture field Research Station in 2009, 2010 and 2011. This site features a Sutherland Series heavy clay soil which is slow to warm in the spring. The site was prepared by rotovating one week prior to transplanting the test crops. Three days before transplanting a wavelength selective (2009 and 2010) or black plastic mulch (2011) was applied to the test plots. Drip irrigation lines were located beneath the mulch. Six week old tomato transplants (cv. Celebrity in 2009 and 2010 and cv. Defiant in 2011) were planted out into the mulched rows once the risk of frost had passed in early June. The plants were spaced 50 cm apart within each row. Each test plot was 5 m long and the rows were 2m apart. Immediately after transplanting, row covers were installed on all plots except for a non-covered control. The cover materials tested were; a) perforated clear polyethylene – transmits about 85% of the light in the visible spectrum. Clear perforated polyethylene creates a very warm environment. b) non-perforated clear polyethylene – would be expected to create an environment even warmer than the equivalent perforated clear poly. c) perforated green polyethylene - filters out about 41% of incoming light within the visible spectrum, resulting in cooler temperatures. Filtering certain wavelengths out of the incoming light may also alter the growth pattern of the covered crops. d) perforated white polyethylene - filters out about 26% of the incoming visible light. e) Novagryl woven polyester - filters out about 20% of the incoming visible light and is also highly perforated.
- [Manuring as an Option for Management of Potato Scab (2002) - 3 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/manuring-as-an-option-for-management-of-potato-scab-2002-3-pages): Traditionally growers have been cautioned to avoid manuring potato fields for fear of worsening problems with scab. However, Conn and Lazarovits (1998) found that application of fresh poultry or swine manure just prior to planting actually reduced levels of common scab in a severely infested field. Researchers in Japan have isolated micro-organisms from manure that actively combat scab. This trial attempted to evaluate the potential to control scab utilizing readily available manure sources. The trial was conducted on the Department of Plant Sciences Potato Research station in Saskatoon. This area has a long history of potato production and is severely infested by both common (Streptomyces scabies) and powdery (Spongospora subterranea) scab. The manure source tested was turkey manure mixed with some pen straw. The manure was collected over a 3 month period. Just prior to seeding the crop, the manure was applied at 0, 10 or 20 t/acre and then incorporated to 15 cm utilizing a rotovator.
- [Melons Post Harvest Handling and Storage (2001) - 2 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/melons-post-harvest-handling-and-storage-2001-2-pages): Muskmelon is the common name for botanical varieties of Cucumis melo L. This botanical group includes cantaloupe, honeydew, and casaba. Cantaloupe fruit (C. melo var. reticulatus Naud.) are usually characterized by netted surfaces with shallow vein tracts and the flesh is salmon-coloured. Honeydew and Casaba fruit (C. melo var. inodorus Naud.) typically have unnetted surfaces. This group also includes Persian and Crenshaw melons. Honeydew fruit have smooth, white skin with green flesh, while Casaba fruit have yellow, green or white skin, that are usually rough and wrinkled.
- [Microgreens Production Trial U of S (2014) - 13 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/microgreens-production-trial-u-of-s-2014-13-pages): Overall objective – to determine optimum production practices and yield potential of microgreen production under controlled environment conditions. Crops - mustard seed (to mimic other brassicas like broccoli and kale), alfalfa, coriander Research Questions 1) Optimum media type, type of tray, depth of media 2) Optimum seeding rates and seeding methods for different crops 3) Optimum conditions for germination and subsequent growth 4) Time to harvest, optimum stage and method for harvesting 5) Yield potential 6) Material and Labor costs
- [Modified Fertility Program for Strip Tilled Vegetable Crops (2022) 1 page](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/modified-fertility-program-for-strip-tilled-vegetable-crops-2022-1-page): This project demonstrated the fertilizer requirements of strip tilled vegetable crops. All fields were planted in late April to a barley cover crop. In mid to late May 30 cm wide strips were tilled out of the barley crop – these strips were where the vegetables would be planted. These tilled strips were fertilized at 1X, 1.5X or 2X the rate recommended from standard soil tests. The area (60 cm wide) between the tilled rows planted to the vegetable test crops was not fertilized. Sweet corn, broccoli and cabbage crops were grown in the fertilized test strips. Aside from the fertility treatments, standard crop management procedures for irrigated vegetable crops were employed. The barley cover crops were sprayed out after about 3-4 weeks – before they had much opportunity to compete with the vegetable crops for nutrients or space
- [Mulching Options for Sweet Corn (2006) - 3 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/mulching-options-for-sweet-corn-2006-3-pages): Germination and early growth of sweet corn can be enhanced by the soil warming provided by plastic mulches. Clear plastic provides the greatest degree of soil warming but weed growth can be a problem under clear mulch. Wavelength selective (IRT) mulches provide almost as much soil warming as the clear plastic while also providing a high degree of weed control. Planting corn through any type of plastic mulch requires specialized machinery. A lower-cost option used by some growers is to create a shallow trench, and then to seed the corn into the trench using standard seeding equipment. Clear plastic mulch is then laid over the seeded rows. The trench provides sufficient space for the corn seedlings to develop for a week or two within the greenhouse-like environment provided by the clear mulch. The plastic must be removed before temperatures in the trench become excessive. This trial evaluated the performance of sweet corn on various mulching treatments. Materials/Methods - The trial was conducted in 2006 at the University of Saskatchewan Horticulture Field Research Facility in Saskatoon. The heavy clay soil at the test site was prepared by rotovating one week prior to laying the mulch and seeding the crop. The treatments tested were; 1) Crop mechanically seeded using a push type small plot seeder. No mulch used 2) Crop mechanically seed into a trench (ca 30cm wide * 10cm deep) cut by hand. Clear plastic mulch (1.1 mil) then laid over the trench 3) Crop hand seeded through clear plastic mulch (1.1 mil) 4) Crop hand seeded through IRT mulch (1.1 mil) The cultivars tested were ‘Navajo’ (early maturing Se type) and ‘Fantastic’ (later maturing Sh2 type). For each mulch treatment, each cultivar
- [Multi-Span High Tunnels (2011-2012) - 2 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/multi-span-high-tunnels-2011-2012-2-pages): High tunnels produce a warm, sheltered production environment, leading to earlier and higher yields, especially for warm-season vegetable crops. High tunnels can enhance profitability if growers use suitable production practices to grow high-value crops. A major limitation of the first generation of high tunnels was that they were relatively small – typically only 10-15’ wide, 8’ tall and 100’ long. The small size of the high tunnels limited the range of crops that could be grown and made it difficult to use full-size field equipment within the tunnels. Temperatures within the high tunnels also tended to fluctuate rapidly. In 2011 and 2012 we evaluated the performance of an 8 bay gutter-connected high tunnel complex - with each unit being 28’ wide, 18’ tall and 200’ long. Crop performance within the larger multi-span high tunnel (MSHT) was compared to crops grown in the open and/or to crops grown in a small single-span high tunnel (SHT).
- [Multi-Span High Tunnels (2012) - 3 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/multi-span-high-tunnels-2011-3-pages): A major limitation of the first generation of high tunnels was that they were relatively small – typically only 10-15’ wide, 8’ tall and 100’ long. The size of the high tunnels limited the range of crops that could be grown, made it difficult to use full-size field equipment within the tunnels, and temperatures within the high tunnels tended to fluctuate rapidly. In 2011 we began testing the next generation high tunnels – an 8 unit gutter-connected tunnel complex, with each unit being 28’ wide, 18’ tall and 200’ log. Crop performance within the multi-span high tunnel (MSHT) was compared to crops grown in the open and/or to crops grown in a small single span high tunnel (SHT).
- [Nitrogen fertility requirements and testing program for potatoes in Saskatchewan (1998-2000) - 15 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/nitrogen-fertility-requirements-and-testing-program-for-potatoes-in-saskatchewan-1998-2000-15-pages): In this trial, a range of N fertility treatments designed to cover the spectrum from deficient through to luxury levels were tested. Sufficient 46-0-0 was applied as a pre-plant broadcast treatment to raise soil N levels to 50, 100, 150, 200 or 300 kg/ha. A split application was also tested; with sufficient N applied at planting to provide a total of 100 kg N/ha, with an additional 100 kg N/ha added at hilling. Other nutrient levels were amended in accordance with local soil test recommendations for irrigated potatoes. In 1998, Elite 3 level seed of the cultivars Russet Burbank, Ranger Russet, Shepody, Alpha, NorDonna and Russet Norkotah were planted at the Saskatoon site. In Outlook, only NorDonna, Ranger Russet and Russet Norkotah were tested.
- [Nutrient Regime for Hydroponic Production of Bibb (Butterhead) Lettuce in Saskatchewan Greenhouses (2016) - 1 page](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/nutrient-regime-for-hydroponic-production-of-bibb-butterhead-lettuce-in-saskatchewan-greenhouses-2016-1-page): Lettuce has excellent potential as a greenhouse crop in Saskatchewan. This project evaluated the potential to produce bibb-type lettuce in a nutrient film technique hydroponic production system. Over the course of 25 production cycles which ran from January 2012 through June 2014, the temperature, depth, speed of flow and mineral composition of the nutrient solution running through the NFT system were altered in an effort to optimize crop growth and quality.
- [Onions Post Harvest Handling and Storage (2001) - 2 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/onions-post-harvest-handling-and-storage-2001-2-pages): Maturity Onions are ready for harvest when the necks are reasonably dry and the tops have fallen over. As onions mature, their dry matter content and pungency increase, with a resulting increase in storage potential. Harvesting, Handling & Storage Storage Diseases
- [Pacific Russet (VO168-3) Potato (2001) - 3 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/pacific-russet-vo168-3-potato-2001-3-pages): Pedigree and Description Pacific Russet (VO168-3) was derived from a cross made in 1987 at the Lethbridge Research Center between NDA 8694-3 and Century Russet. This line was evaluated in Western Canada Region Trials, , the U.S. North Central Potato Trials and in trials conducted in central Canada from 1988 through 2002. The variety was licenced to the Saskatchewan Seed Potato Growers’ Association Inc. (SSPGA) and the Alberta Seed Potato Inc. The variety was protected under Plant Breeders Rights in 2002 and was registered in Canada in 2003. The variety has been evaluated in commercial production and storage trials since 2005. Description Tubers Tubers of Pacific Russet are oblong, with a brown russet skin and uniformly spaced shallow eyes. The flesh is white/cream. Tuber appearance and size distribution are uniform and tuber deformities are rare. Tuber number per plant is comparable to Russet Norkotah. Specific gravities for Pacific Russet averaged over > 20 site years of testing are 1.076, as compared to 1.086 for Russet Burbank and 1.080 for Russet Norkotah. Pacific Russet sizes up quickly, resulting in a large average tuber size profile.
- [Peppers Post Harvest Handling and Storage (2001) - 2 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/peppers-post-harvest-handling-and-storage-2001-2-pages): Maturity Peppers mature through three distinct stages during development namely, immature green, mature green and mature red. From immature green to mature green, pepper fruit increase in firmness and pungency and the cell walls thicken. No change in colour occurs. Mature green peppers are horticulturally mature and can be consumed fresh or in processed form (eg. canned). Harvesting immature green peppers results in poor colour and flavour, low yields and short lifespan. Harvesting, Handling & Storage Storage Diseases
- [Plant Growth Control by Photoselective Filters Low Tunnels (1999-2001) - 3 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/plant-growth-control-by-photoselective-filters-low-tunnels-1999-2001-3-pages): Many warm season vegetable crops benefit from the cover provided by low tunnels. The period that plants can be left in this protected environment is limited - as the plants quickly outgrow the available space. Recently, photoselective filters have been developed that alter the ratio of red to far-red light in incoming sunlight. Plants grown under this filtered light are short and robust - making them ideally suited for a confined growing environment. We conducted trials from 1999-2001 to determine if growing crops under row covers constructed of a photoselective type of polyethylene would produce a more compact growth habit - allowing the covers to be maintained over the crop for extended periods. In 2000, Melons (cv Earligold) were transplanted into rows of IRT mulch in early June. At transplanting, sections of each row were covered with tunnels constructed of either standard perforated clear polyethylene or photoselective filter (Photomorphogenesis Control Film - YXE10 Mitsui Chemicals Inc.). The tunnels were supported above the crop using wire hoops. The ends of the tunnels were closed.
- [Potato Variety Trials (2005) - 3 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/potato-variety-trials-2005-3-pages): The growing conditions in 2005 were generally favourable for potatoes. Yields were well above average except where the damage occurred due to late-season flooding. Specific gravities were about average. Scab ratings are trending down - reflecting the change over a less scab infested test site in 2003. Noteworthy new varieties Gemstar - this new release out of the Pacific Northwest appears to have excellent yield potential at 120 days. A large average tuber size and high specific gravity at maturity makes Gemstar well-suited for processing. AC Pacific Russet - this new release from the Prairie Potato Breeding Consortium again produced exceptionally good yields at the 90-day harvest. This variety is targeted at the fresh market. AC Peregrine Red - another release from the Prairie Potato Breeding Consortium, AC Peregrine continues to show exceptional yield potential, red skin colour and quality if grown to maturity (120 days).
- [Potato variety trials (2006) - 3 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/potato-variety-trials-2006-3-pages): The growing conditions during May through early July of 2006 were excellent, resulting in good early yields. Consistent heat in August and early September reduced yields at 120 days but increased tuber dry matter content. The 120-day harvest of some varieties was pre-empted by plot raiders. Scab ratings are trending down - reflecting the move to a less scab infested site as of 2003. Performance of SSPGA varieties AC Pacific Russet - This new release from the Prairie Potato Breeding Consortium produced good yields at the 90-day harvest. The 120-day harvest was lost, but in adjacent trials this variety outyielded Norkotah by 10% at 120 days. Pacific Russet is targeted at the fresh market. AC Peregrine Red - This SSPGA exclusive line continues to show exceptional yield potential, red skin color and quality if grown to maturity (120 days).
- [Potato variety trials (2007) - 3 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/potato-variety-trials-2007-3-pages): Performance of SSPGA varieties Pacific Russet - this new release from the Prairie Potato Breeding Consortium is targeted at the fresh market. Pacific Russet out-yielded Norkotah at both the 90 and 120 day harvests. Peregrine Red - this SSPGA exclusive line continues to show exceptional yield potential, red skin color and small uniform tubers. Sloughing and scab caused problems in 2007, perhaps reflecting the exceptionally warm conditions in July. The growing conditions during May and June of 2007 were excellent, however, July was exceptionally hot, which reduced yields and negatively affected tuber appearance. Yields at the 90 day harvest were above normal in 2007, while yields at 120 days were below normal.
- [Potato Variety Trials (2008) - 3 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/potato-variety-trials-2008-3-pages): Performance of SSPGA varieties and other new releases Pacific Russet - this new release from the Prairie Potato Breeding Consortium is targeted at the fresh market. Although Pacific Russet normally out yields Norkotah at both 90 and 120 days, it did not perform up to expectations in the 2008 trial. Peregrine Red - this SSPGA exclusive line continues to show exceptional yield potential at both 90 and 120 days. Peregrine has a very dark red skin color, small uniform tubers and superior storage characteristics. Peregrine appears to be more scab sensitive than Norland but more resistant than Pontiac. GemStar - this new processing variety released by the potato improvement program of Washington State appears to be well adapted to SK growing conditions, producing exceptionally high yields of uniform large tubers if it is allowed to bulk through until early September.
- [Potential to double-crop plastic mulch cucumber, pepper, tomato (2008) - 7 pages - Can. J. Plant Sci. 88: 187
193](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/potential-to-double-crop-plastic-mulch-cucumber-pepper-tomato-2007-7-pages-can-j-plant-sci-88-187193): Waterer, D., Hrycan, W. and Simms, T. 2008. Potential to double-crop plastic mulch. Can. J. Plant Sci. 88: 187193. Double-cropping of plastic (polyethylene) mulches has the potential to increase cost-effectiveness while reducing the environmental impact of this technology for enhancing the growth of vegetable crops. In regions with a short growing season, double-cropping of soil mulches hinges on being able to leave the plastic in the field over winter. This extended exposure to the elements may alter the physical and optical characteristics of the mulch, thereby influencing crop productivity in the second year of use. This study evaluated the physical characteristics and efficacy of black, clear and infrared transmitting (IRT) mulches over two cropping seasons in Saskatchewan. The crops planted were pepper (Capsicum annuum) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus) in the first year and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) in the second year. Early-season soil temperatures appeared highest under the clear mulch in the first year, but once the crop canopy was established there was little difference in soil temperature among plots having different mulches. Higher yields of both cucumber and pepper were produced in the first year by clear mulch than by black mulch or without mulch. All mulches were still physically sound at the end of the first growing season, but light transmission through the clear and IRT mulches was reduced relative to the new mulch. Much of this change was due to soil and other debris on the surface of the mulches. There was little further change in the physical condition or light transmission characteristics of the mulches through the second year of use. Weed growth under clear mulch in its second year appeared to reduce soil temperatures, particularly relative to new clear mulch. Mulch type, either newly laid or year-old, had no impact on yields of marketable tomatoes. More fruit reached full red colour prior to harvest in response to clear mulch than to no mulch (bare soil). Yields of marketable tomato fruit obtained on year-old the mulch of all types were comparable to yields obtained with new mulch. These data suggest that double-cropping of plastic mulches can be done without loss of crop yield and provide significant savings in materials, labor and disposal costs. While clear mulch was generally the most beneficial for the production of warm season vegetable crops, it did not prevent weed growth in the second year which was problematic. Key words: Wavelength selective, light transmission, cucumber, pepper, tomato
- [Potential to Grow Roma Tomatoes in Saskatchewan for Processing (2021-2022) 2 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/potential-to-grow-roma-tomatoes-in-saskatchewan-for-processing-2021-2022-2-pages): The main objective of this project was to determine if Roma-type tomatoes for processing could be grown for once-over machine harvest in Saskatchewan. Additional objectives were to determine which cultivars of Roma tomato were best suited to local conditions, while also looking for production risks. The quality of the tomato fruit for each cultivar was analyzed and compared to the specifications of the processing industry. Eleven cultivars were tested on a grower co-operator site near Outlook, SK in 2021, while 16 cultivars were tested at the same site in 2022. The tomato crops were established using transplants and were planted onto plastic mulch with drip irrigation. Standard crop management practices were employed. No insect or disease problems were observed in either year of the trial. The shortness of the SK growing season represented the production major challenge for the tomato crops in both years.
- [Productivity of Bibb Lettuce cv. Optima in Hydroponic Production under Saskatchewan Greenhouse Conditions Impact of light levels (2016) - 2 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/productivity-of-bibb-lettuce-cv-optima-in-hydroponic-production-under-saskatchewan-greenhouse-conditions-impact-of-light-levels-2016-2-pages): Lettuce has excellent potential as a greenhouse crop in Saskatchewan. This project evaluated the growth and quality of the bibb-type lettuce cv. Optima over the course of 16 crop cycles running from April 2013 through June 2014. The lettuce was grown in the University of Saskatchewan Greenhouses using a NFT hydroponic production system. For crops grown from November through April, natural light levels were augmented with 1000 watt HPS lights operating for 16h/day at 125 umol intensity.
- [Quality of Sequentially Planted Head Lettuce (2002) - 3 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/quality-of-sequentially-planted-head-lettuce-2002-3-pages): Growers commonly report indicate problems with quality in head lettuce. In cultivar trials conducted by the University of Saskatchewan, over 50% of the crop was commonly graded as unmarketable. Problems with poor flavour, bolting and tip burn are often attributed to excessively high temperatures. Leaf drop caused by the fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is also a problem for growers relying on heavy irrigation to get the crop through a period of excessive heat. This trial evaluated the quality of head lettuce crops transplanted at differing stages of a Saskatchewan growing season. It was expected that the quality of the earliest transplanted crop would be superior to crops grown during the heat of mid-summer. The potential to use fungicides to control leaf drop was also evaluated.
- [Root Maggot Control Trial Cole Crops rutabaga (2009-2010) - 6 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/root-maggot-control-trial-cole-crops-rutabaga-2009-2011-6-pages): Root maggots (Delia radicum) represent a major problem for growers of vegetable cole crops in Saskatchewan. Maggot damage to the roots renders them less capable of delivering the water and nutrients required for optimal growth. In crops grown for their roots (rutabaga and radish), the scars left by the feeding maggots will render the roots unmarketable. Presently the standard approach to controlling maggots is to apply the insecticide chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) as a root drench on several occasions through the growing season. The timing of chlorpyrifos application(s) is targeted to correspond to the development of the maggot population. Application of chlorpyrifos must cease 30 days prior to harvest for rutabaga. Organophosphates like chlorpyrifos have been targeted for phase-out as soon as effective reduced-risk alternatives are identified. The objectives of this project were to; a) test new reduced-risk insecticides for potential use in root maggot management b) look for alternatives to insecticides as a means to control root maggots
- [Root Maggot Control Trial Rutabga (2009-2012) and Companion Cropping Trial Rutabaga, oilseed mustard and wheat (2010-2012)- 7 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/root-maggot-control-trial-rutabga-2009-2012-and-companion-cropping-trial-rutabaga-oilseed-mustard-and-wheat-2010-2012-7-pages): ROOT MAGGOT CONTROL TRIAL (2009-2012) Root maggots (Delia radicum) represent a major problem for growers of vegetable cole crops in Saskatchewan. Maggots damage to the roots renders them less capable of delivering the water and nutrients required for optimal growth. In crops grown for their roots (rutabaga and radish), the scars left by the feeding maggots will render the roots unmarketable. Presently the standard approach to controlling maggots is to apply the insecticide chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) as a root drench on several occasions through the growing season. The timing of chlorpyrifos application(s) is targeted to correspond to the development of the maggot population. Application of chlorpyrifos must cease 30 days prior to harvest for rutabaga. Organophosphates like chlorpyrifos have been targeted for phase-out as soon as effective reduced-risk alternatives are identified. The objectives of this project were to; a) test new reduced-risk insecticides for potential use in root maggot management b) look for alternatives to insecticides as a means to control root maggots Insecticide Testing An insecticide testing project was conducted in 2009-2012 at the U of S Vegetable Crops Research Station in Saskatoon. Because of heavy root maggot pressure at this site, the production of vegetable cole crops is difficult – even with repeated applications of pesticides. Each insecticide treatment consisted of two adjacent rows of rutabaga (cv. Companion Cropping Trial (2010-2012) Companion cropping involves mixing two or more crop species within a field in an effort to enhance productivity – with the companion crops “helping” the other crop by repelling insect pests or by providing nutrients. Root maggot flies identify suitable hosts for egg-laying by a combination of visual cues and odour. The presence of non-host plants in the immediate vicinity of the potential host tends to “confuse” the flies, reducing egg-laying. The flies are attracted by the volatile sulphur-based compounds that give members of the Brassicacea their characteristic odour.
- [Root Maggot Control Trial Rutabga (2009) - 3 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/root-maggot-control-trial-rutabga-2009-3-pages): Root maggots (Delia radicum) represent a major problem for growers of cole crops in Saskatchewan. Maggots damage to the roots renders them less capable of delivering the water and nutrients required for optimal growth. In vegetable crops grown for their roots (rutabaga and radish), the scars left by the feeding maggots make the roots unmarketable. Biological and cultural control practices may reduce problems with maggots but some form of chemical control is usually required. In Canada, the standard approach to controlling maggots is to apply the insecticide chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) as a root drench on several occasions through the growing season. The chlorpyrifos must be applied in enough water to carry the chemical deep into the soil profile to where the maggots are feeding. The timing of application is targeted to correspond to the development of the maggot population. Applications of chlorpyrifos must cease 30 days prior to harvest for rutabaga. As organophosphates like chlorpyrifos are relatively toxic to both the applicator and the environment this type of pesticide has been targeted for phase-out as soon as effective reduced risk alternatives have been identified. The objective of this project was to test new reduced-risk products for potential use as a tool for root maggot management in vegetables. The project was conducted in 2009 using a standard protocol at four sites across Canada (BC, SK, ON and QC). The Saskatchewan site was managed by the U of S in Saskatoon. Repeated cropping of this site to crucifer vegetables, coupled with the presence of commercial canola fields nearby has resulted in a large population of root maggots at this site.
- [Screening Cauliflower and Broccoli Cultivars for Heat Tolerance (2022) 1 page](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/screening-cauliflower-and-broccoli-cultivars-for-heat-tolerance-2022-1-page): Heat stress is an increasingly common problem for growers of broccoli and cauliflower in Saskatchewan. Heat stress reduces yields, quality and shelf life of these crops. As there is little growers can do to stop their crops from being exposed to excessive temperatures in the field - they instead need to adapt to the problem. One practical option is to grow cultivars which are better adapted to high temperatures. The relative heat stress tolerance of cultivars of broccoli and cauliflower were assessed by growing crops in the open field and in high tunnels.
- [Seedcorn Maggot cucurbits, beans, corn Summary (2020) - 1 page](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/seedcorn-maggot-cucurbits-beans-corn-summary-2020-1-page): Seedcorn Maggot (Delia platura) The Scenario - a grower notices that their direct-seeded pumpkins are not coming up well. The stand is spotty and the plants look weak. When the grower digs up the seed - the cause of the problem becomes obvious - Seedcorn Maggots. Description - the Seedcorn maggot is the larva of a small (4 mm), light gray fly. The whitish, legless maggots are about 8 mm long and are similar in appearance to the Root Maggots (Delia radicum) which commonly attack the roots of crops like radish, cabbage and broccoli. Damage - the Seedcorn maggot attacks germinating seeds of as range of vegetable crops, including cucurbits, beans and corn. Seeds attacked by the maggots usually fail to emerge. Any surviving seedlings are weak and commonly die soon after emergence.
- [Sequential Cropping Romaine Lettuce (2015) - 7 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/sequential-cropping-romaine-lettuce-2015-7-pages): The objective was to determine yield and quality potential for sequential planted crops of direct-seeded and transplanted romaine lettuce under Saskatchewan growing conditions. The project was conducted at the University of Saskatchewan - Horticulture Field Research Station in Saskatoon. The site features a Sutherland Series clay loam soil (pH 7.8, E.C.< 1.0dS/m). Establishing a small-seeded crop like lettuce from seed can be challenging in clay soils – however, once the crop is established, clay soils can readily supply the nutrients and moisture required to produce a vigorous lettuce crop. As the site has a long history of vegetable production, the soil tests very high for most required nutrients (> 400 kg P2O5/ha and > 1000 kg K2O/ha) and only limited applications of N fertilizer are required in each year. Every 4 years about 10 T/ha of composted cattle manure is added to the site in an effort to enhance the soil organic matter content. This manuring adds to the already abundant nutrient supply at the test site. The site is protected by a well-established shelter-belt system.
- [Sequential Planting of Spinach (2000-2001) - 3 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/sequential-planting-of-spinach-2000-2001-3-pages): Spinach is a cool-season crop well suited to production in spring in Saskatchewan. However, most growers report difficulties in establishing and growing good quality spinach crops during July and August. Cool soil temperatures (5oC) promote germination of spinach but emergence is slow from these cold soils. Higher soil temperatures induce thermal dormancy in spinach seed. Bolting in spinach is triggered by long days (12-15 hours) and cold weather followed by warmer temperatures. Bolting sensitivity varies between cultivars. This trial evaluated the performance of several cultivars of spinach sequentially planted over the course of the 2000 and 2001 growing seasons. The trials were conducted at the University of Saskatchewan Field Headquarters in Saskatoon (clay soil) and at the CSIDC in Outlook (sandy loam). The cultivars selected for trial were; ‘Tyee’ (Alf Christianson Seed Co) - a well adapted, bolting resistant cultivar ‘Bloomsdale’ - (Early’s Farm & Garden) - a locally popular cultivar that matures early ‘Olympic’ (Alf Christianson Seed Co) - good yields and quality ‘Hybrid No. 7' (Early’s Farm & Garden) - very early
- [Sunscald in Pumpkins (2020) - 1 page](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/sunscald-in-pumpkins-2020-1-page): Sunscald in Pumpkins Scenario - a hard frost in early September kills the foliage of a pumpkin crop. Initially, the fruit look to have escaped damage - but after two weeks of curing in the field many of the fruit start to develop problems ( see the fruit on the right). Symptoms - superficially, the symptoms look like frost damage - with shrunken tissues mostly commonly on the exposed upper surfaces of the fruit. As in frost damage, the problem is more severe on young fruit and thin-skinned cultivars. However the symptoms were not like frost damage in that … a) the lesions did not show up until 2-3 weeks after the frost event - whereas frost damage typically shows up within hours of the event and … b) the affected tissues did not immediately start to rot down .. as they typically do after frost. The problem was actually sunscald.
- [Tips for Extending the Growing Season for home gardeners- 2010](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/tips-for-extending-the-growing-season-for-home-gardeners-2010): PowerPoint presentation by Dr. Doug Waterer 2010 Freezing and low temperatures Site selection Crop Selection Get a Jump on the Growing Season Fall Planting Shallow seeding Good vigor/treated seed Transplants Biodegradable mulches Crop Covers Row Covers High Tunels Managing Fall Frost
- [Using Bulbils to Establish Garlic (2013-14) - 7 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/using-bulbils-to-establish-garlic-2013-14-7-pages): Garlic crops are typically started by planting cloves. As a head of garlic only contains from 5-10 usable cloves the cost of holding back 10-20% of the crop to use as seed for the next season can be substantial. Costs are even higher if the grower opts to buy seed. Another concern with using cloves to establish the garlic crop is the potential for the cloves or the soil adhering to the cloves to introduce diseases such as Fusarium basal rot or garlic cyst nematodes. Hardneck (rocambole) type garlic produces scapes or flower stalks that yield 10-200 small bulbs (bulbils) which can be used as planting material. Using bulbils to establish a garlic crop has several potential advantages;
- [Using Bulbils to Establish Garlic (2013) - 3 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/using-bulbils-to-establish-garlic-2013-3-pages): Garlic is normally started by planting cloves. As a typical head of garlic only contains from 5-10 usable cloves the cost of holding back 10-20% of the crop to use as seed can be substantial. Costs are even higher if the grower opts to buy seed. Another concern with using cloves to establish the garlic crop is the potential for the cloves or the soil adhering to the cloves to introduce diseases such as Fusarium basal rot or garlic cyst nematodes. Hardneck (rocambole) type garlic produces scapes or flower stalks that yield 10-200 small bulbs (bulbils) which can be used as planting material. Using bulbils to establish a garlic crop has several potential advantages;
- [Using Nematodes to Control Root Maggots in Cole Crops (2016) - 3 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/using-nematodes-to-control-root-maggots-in-cole-crops-2016-3-pages): Root maggots (Delia radicum) represent a major problem for growers of vegetable cole crops (cabbage, cauliflower, radish, rutabaga etc.) in Saskatchewan. Feeding by the maggot stage damages the roots. In young plants, this damage may kill the seedlings – whereas in older established plants the damaged root systems are less capable of delivering the water and nutrients required for optimal growth. Affected crops are slow to mature and may not reach optimal size or quality. In crops grown for their roots (rutabaga and radish), the scars left by the feeding maggots may render the roots unmarketable. Presently, the most widely utilized approach to controlling maggots is to apply the insecticide chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) as a root drench on several occasions through the growing season. The timing of the chlorpyrifos application(s) is targeted to correspond to the development of the maggot population. Application of chlorpyrifos must cease 30 days prior to harvest. Organophosphates like chlorpyrifos have been targeted for phase-out as soon as effective reduced-risk alternatives are identified. Parasitic nematodes have shown the potential to control a broad range of soil-inhabiting and above-ground insect pests. The nematodes can be applied as a foliar spray to reach above-ground pests or as a drench for soil-borne pests. The nematodes sense the carbon dioxide emissions of soil-borne insects and “swim” through the soil solution towards their intended host. For that reason, the soil must be kept moist for the nematodes to be effective.
- [Vegetable Cultivar and Cultural Trials Asparagus, Brussels Sprouts, Celery, Dill, Eggplants, Head Lettuce, Onions, Peppers, Romaine Lettuce (2016) - 55 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/vegetable-cultivar-and-cultural-trials-asparagus-brussels-sprouts-celery-dill-eggplants-head-lettuce-onions-peppers-romaine-lettuce-2016-55-pages): 2016 Cultivar Trials Introduction 2 2016 Cultivar Recommendations 6 Seed Suppliers 9 Recommended Vegetable Cultivars: 1989-2016 14 Asparagus 24 Brussels Sprouts 27 Celery 28 Dill 29 Eggplants 30 Head Lettuce (direct-seeded and transplanted) 31 Onions (bulb and green types) 33 Peppers 35 Romaine Lettuce (direct-seeded and transplanted) 37 2016 Cultural Trials Using Nematodes to Control Root Maggots 40 Growing Conditions and Crop Performance in 3rd Generation High Tunnels 43 Herbicide Efficacy and Crop Safety in Spring-Planted Garlic 51
- [Vegetable Cultivar and Cultural Trials celery, peppers, eggplants, cabbage, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, romaine and head lettuce (2016) - 10 pages](https://www.svga.ca/c/products/vegetable-cultivar-and-cultural-trials-celery-peppers-eggplants-cabbage-cauliflower-brussels-sprouts-romaine-and-head-lettuce-2016-10-pages): Vegetable cultivar evaluations and cultural trials are conducted annually by the Vegetable Program, Plant Sciences Department at the University of Saskatchewan as a service to the vegetable growers of Saskatchewan. Row spacings Transplanted crops Celery – twin rows spaced 30 cm apart with 30 cm between plants within the row – rows spaced 1.25 m apart Romaine and head lettuce - twin rows spaced 30 cm apart with 30 cm between plants within the row – rows spaced 1.25 m apart Eggplants and peppers – twin rows spaced 30 cm apart with 60 cm between plants in a row and 2 m between rows. Cabbage and cauliflower – plants spaced 30 cm apart in rows with rows spaced 1.25 m apart Directed seeded crops Bulb onions – rows spaced 50 cm apart with 10 cm between plants within a row. Green onions – rows spaced 50 cm apart with 2 cm between plants within a row. Romaine and head lettuce – twin rows spaced 30 cm apart, with 1 m between each set of twin rows. Two weeks after emergence the lettuce was hand thinned to leave 20 cm between plants within the row. Dill - twin rows spaced 15 cm apart with each set of rows spaced 0.5 m apart. A high seeding rate (1 seed/cm) was used as the objective was to produce a thick stand of plants that could be harvested at an early stage of development.